Issue of Shares – Meaning, types, and accounting treatment

The Issue of Shares refers to raising funds from other persons or groups of persons for the expansion of a business/company. 

What is the Issue of Shares?

It means offers a share of ownership of the company(Share Capital) to other persons or the public for raising funds for expansion. Persons included a natural person and an artificial person also. Artificial person means company or institution. Any business can issue its share capital by following the steps: 

1. Issuing prospectus 
2. Receiving Application
3. Allotment of Shares

Type of Issue of shares:

Every company can issue shares in the market in the following two ways: 

1. Public Issue of Share

When the company issue shares in the share market to subscribe. These activities can be performed by the company which is registered as a public limited company under the Companies Act, 2013.

2. Private Placement of Share

When the company issue shares to subscribe to a small number of investors. Investors can be individuals or other companies. These activities can be performed by the company which is registered as a Private limited company under the Companies Act, 2013.

Accounting Treatment of Issue of Shares: 

The accounting treatment of issued shares is on the basis of the following: 

1. Issue shares for cash 
2. Issue Shares for consideration other than cash 

1. Issue Shares for Cash: –

The shares can be issued for cash in the two following ways and there two have different accounting treatment as shown following: 

1. The Lump Sum amount called/paid along with the application;

When the company called up full share price including premium or discount at the time of application, the shares are said to be issued against lump-sum payment. The accounting treatment of this is shown as follows: 

It can be issued in three ways :

1. Shares Issued at Par
2. Shares Issued at Discount 
3. Shares Issued at Premium 

1. Shares Issued at Par:

When shares are issued at the face value. 

2. Shares Issued at Discount

At par means when shares are issued at less than their face value. 

3. Shares Issued at Premium

When shares are issued at a higher price than their face value. 

2. The total value of shares called/paid in instalments: 

When the company called up full share price including premium or discount in the instalments i.e., partly on Application, partly on Allotment and balance in the one or more calls, the shares are said to be issued in the instalments. The name of these instalments are must be as following :

1^st Instalment: Shares Application
2^nd Instalment: Shares Allotment
3^rd Instalment:  Shares 1^st Calls
4^th Instalment: Shares 2^nd Calls (If any)
and So on. 

The accounting treatment of this is shown as follows: 

We have shown the share issued at par, at a discount and at a premium in the following single journal format and treatment of discount and premium are shown with grey colour so if in the question there is discount then u can add discount treatment and do not write a premium treatment and vice versa.

Note: 
The company can call the amount of premium with any call. So with which it is called, you have to record with that call. But we had shown treatment with all calls. 

2. Issue Shares for consideration other than cash: –

When the company issued share against the consideration other than cash i.e., for any assets or the whole business, the shares are said to be issued for consideration other than cash. The accounting treatment of this is shown as follows: 

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References: –

1. 1. mca.gov.in
   2. Class +2 Accountancy by Sultan Chand & Sons (P) Ltd.