Financial Accounting Terminology

If you are starting the study of Financial Accounting then firstly you have to know about important/Basic Financial Accounting Terminology. Because these terminologies are basic of accounting language like Alphabets for the English Language. These are the following: –

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1. Business

An organization or economic system where goods and services are exchanged for one another or for money.
The business has a different identity in the eyes of law.

Like:- ABC ltd., HAPPSS Store, Bharat Hospital, S.D. College, or every type of shop, hotel, hospital, college, factory, offices.

2. Proprietor/Owner

Who runs an organization and invests their money in business. An owner has the right to take any decision for their business.

He has a different identity for their business.

Like: – Amanpreet Kaur, Sarabjit Singh, etc.

3. Capital

In accounting, capital means anything brought by the owner into the business in cash or in-kind(any item). In other words, capital means that balance amount of assets which is left after a substructing amount of liabilities from total assets.

4. Drawing

Any withdrawal by the owner from the business in cash or in-kind(any item) is called Drawing.

5. Business Transactions

When one business does deal for goods and service in the form of in cash or credit with any other business or an Individual is called Business Transaction.

Like: Purchase or sale of Assets, Payment made for expenses, Getting work done from Workers and paid wages to them.

6. Accounts

A record of financial transactions for an Asset, Individual, Organization, Expense or Income.
A transaction is recorded with debit and credit entries.

Like: –

1. Asset – Plant and Machine A/c, Building A/c, Land A/c, Debtors A/c, Cash A/c.
2. Individual – Mr Sarb A/c, Mr Pawan A/c, Mr Balijit A/c, Mr Abhi A/c, Mrs Jasmeet A/c.
3. Organization – A&B Pvt. Ltd. A/c, HDFC Bank A/c, HAPPSS Store A/c, Jagdarshan A/c
4. Expense – Salary A/c, Wages A/c, Freight A/c, Commission A/c, Rent A/c,
5. Income – Rent Received A/c, Commission Received,

7. Debit

Meaning of Debit is adding an amount of cash or fund into the expenses or assets accounts and subtracting from the owner’s equity, liabilities or income accounts. ‘Debit’ word comes from the Latin word debate which means to owe. The word Debit is also abbreviated as “Dr.” It is always operated opposite to the Credit. It is always shown on the left side of the ledger accounts.

8. Credit

Meaning of Credit is adding an amount of cash or fund into the owner’s equity, liabilities or income accounts and subtracting from the expenses or assets accounts. The word Credit is also abbreviated as “Cr.” It is always operated opposite to the Debit. It is always shown on the Right Side of the ledger accounts.

9. Goods

Those items which are purchased by Business only for sale (not for the use or to consume) and in other words, those items from which other items will produce.

Like: –

1. A car painter buys wood to make furniture or Fixture.
2. A Shop-Keeper buy products to sell it out to consumer (End User)

10. Purchase

When a Business buys only goods, then it is the purchase.
When a Business buys any other assets, then it will not be the purchase for the business.

11. Sale

When Business sell only goods is Sale.
When selling any other assets then it is not a Sale.

12. Purchase Return / Return outwards

where Business received goods not according to sample, then these are returned to the vendor/supplier is known as purchase return.

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13. Sale Return / Return Inwards

When Customer/consumer returned goods to us is called sale return/return inwards.

14. Assets

Something valuable on which the business has ownership, get benefits from these items in future or have used in generating incomes. These items are known as assets. As further explained in the following diagram.

15. Liabilities

Something valuable that a business owes(Loans), which business have to pay in future. These are known as liabilities. As further explained in the following diagram.

16. Stocks/Inventories

Material or Items which are owns by the business for manufacturing. In manufacturing Business, it has three types of following.

17. Trade Receivables

The amount receivable from the sale of goods only.

18. Trade Payables

The amount payable against the purchase of goods only.

19. Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)

1. In Manufacturing: –

That amount that has been paid by the business to produce finished products is known as the cost of goods sold(COGS)

1. In trading: –  

That amount of expenses which has been spent by the business from the process of purchase till the sale is known as the cost of goods sold(COGS). It includes the purchase price of goods and all expenses incurred to make to sell.

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20. Expenditure

That amount which has spent or will be spent on goods and services is known as Expenditure. These are two types which are explained given below: –

1. Revenue Expenditure

It is the amount which already spent or due but not spent (Liability) on goods and services which are consumed within the current period. (It Means 1 Financial Year i.e. 01/04/__ to 31/03/__ ).

Like: – Paid Salary/Wages to Employer in C/Y, Rent of Office for C/Y, Commission on Sale For C/Y, all expenses have come under this.

2. Capital Expenditure

It is the amount which already spent or due but not spent (Liability) on goods and services which are/will be used and gets benefit from it in the current year and in future years also.

Like: – Spent to purchase a new Land and Building. Purchase and Creation of All assets and Come under this.

21. Expenses

Expenses are that amount which is paid or due to paid for goods and services which are consumed in the current year. It is also called revenue expenditure. These are two types as explained in the following diagram: –

22. Incomes

Incomes are that amount which received or due to receive for the sale of goods and services in the current year and also called revenue. These are two types as explained in the following diagram: – 

23. Revenues

Revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers Means Direct Income.

24. Profit

When at the end of the financial year, the Business gets to save some amount after adjusting all expenses with total revenue of the business, that amount is known as income. These are two types: –

1. Gross Profit

When there is an excess of direct incomes over direct expenses is known as gross profit.

2. Net Profit

When there is an excess of Total incomes over total expenses is known as Net profit.

25. Loss

When at the end of the financial year, there is an excess of Expenses over income then that excess amount is known as loss. These are two types: –

1. Gross Loss

When there is an excess of Direct expenses over Direct incomes is known as Gross loss.

2. Net Loss

When there is the excess of total expenses over total incomes is known as a nett loss.

26. Gain

Business gets to profit from the sale of old assets it is called gain.

27. Discount

when the Business has purchased or sold the goods at a price less than the actual price is known as a discount. In other words, The difference between the actual price and sale price is called the discount. These are of two types, which are explained as follows: –

1. Trade Discount

Discount giving or getting at the time of sale or purchase is called a trade discount. This will not be shown in books.

2. Cash Discount

Discount giving or getting at the time of payment is called a cash discount. This will be shown in books.

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